The present study was conducted by selecting 100 growers from 10 villages from Neemuch and Manasa
tehsils of Neemuch district of Madhya Pradesh state to ascertain the adoption level of farmers about
recommended cultivation practices of ajwain. The results revealed that maximum farmers ( 55%) fell
under medium knowledge level. Likewise, majority of respondent (85.0%) were included under highest
extent level of adoption for the practice of sowing under irrigated condition. Lowest extent of adoption was
observed for blight disease control measures applied (14%). Out of ten characteristics studied age, education,
area under ajwain crop, irrigation facilities, social participation, sources of information and scientific
orientation, were positively and significantly correlated with knowledge and adoption level. Likewise, land
holding was positively and significantly correlated only with knowledge and non-significantly correlated
with adoption. The annual income was non-significantly correlated with both knowledge and adoption.

Paddy is the major crop growing in upper krishna project command area. The growing of long duration
rice varieties consumes more irrigation water than short duration varieties which lead to soil salinization
and water scarcity problem among tail end farmers. Hence, ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Yadgir conducted
two years field trials on assessment of different varieties under different sowing methods during 2018
and 2019 kharif seasons. The design consist five genotypes viz, GNV 1089 (V1), RNR 15048 (V2),
BPT 5204 (V3), GGV-05-01 (V4) and SIRI 1253 (V5) as main plot and different sowing methods viz.,
traditional transplanting rice (TTR) and direct seeded rice (DSR) as sub plot. A spilt plot design was
used at different cluster villages at selected farmer’s field. The observations on crop yield and quantity
of water applied were recorded. The pooled data of two seasons showed that, highest average grain
yield 6184 kg/ha was recorded in GNV 1089 (V1) followed by GGV-05-01 (V4) and lowest average
grain yield 5524 kg/ha in V3. The highest water productivity was recorded in GNV 1089 (5.90 kg/ha/
mm) under DSR and least was in BPT 5204 (4.30 kg/ha/mm). The study revealed that, more crop yield
and water productivity can be achieved in short duration variety under DSR method. The highest B:C
ratio (2.76) was recorded under GNV 1089 (V1) of DSR and lowest B:C ratio (1.30) under SIRI 1253
(V5) of TTR over rest of the treatments. There was a significant difference in B:C ratio of 1.46 under
TTR over DSR method. The farmers were satisfied with GNV 1089 crop performance due to its early
harvest and less consumption of irrigation water. Growing of GNV 1089 under DSR method in command
area will reduces the water scarcity problem and increase the farm income by using less crop inputs.

Green gram (Vigna radiata) is commonly known as Moong an important pulse crop in India and more
than 70 per cent of world’s green gram production comes from India. In Nagapattinam, farmers sow the
moong after harvesting of rice crop during summer. The present study was conducted during summer
of the year 2017 in three villages of Nagapattinam district to assess the suitable variety of green gram.
Five farmers’ field were randomly selected and sown two high yielding improved varieties of green
gram namely CO 8 and LGG 460 with five replications with one check variety already grown by the
farmers. The data like average plant height, number of branches, pods/plant, grain/pod, disease incidence
(%), Synchronization, 100 seed weight and pod yield (q/ha) were recorded during investigation. Among
all the varieties assessed, variety CO 8 proved to be the best with highest number of pods/plant (31.2)
and minimum incidence of yellow mosaic disease of 4.2 per cent resulting in the highest yield of
7.35 q/ha followed by LGG 460 with disease incidence of 5.6 per cent , 28.3 pods/plant and yield of
6.95q/ ha. Hence, it was inferred that CO 8 variety of green gram proved better followed by LGG 460.

An on farm trial of the improved wheat variety HI 1605 (Pusa Ujala) was conducted at farmer’s fields
under limited irrigated conditions in Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh during rabi season of 2017-18
to 2018-19. Results of study revealed that improved variety i.e. HI 1605 (Pusa Ujala) gave higher seed
yield (42.20 q/ha) as compared to farmers’ practice i.e. C-306 and HI-1531.The enhancement in seed
yield of wheat variety HI 1605 was due to favourable growth and yield attributing characters like effective
tillers per plant, spike length, grains per spike, test weight etc. This treatment also recorded higher net
return (Rs 59,090/ha), and B:C ratio (3.34). The farmers were satisfied with improved technology of
wheat production and performance of variety HI-1605 under limited irrigation condition of sehore district.

The present study was conducted during 2018 and 2019 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chamba with the objective
to study the impact of trainings on the gain in knowledge of the farmers. Male participants outnumbered the
female participants as out of 2,441 trainees only 775 were women and others were men (1,666). About half
of the trainees (48.30%) belonged to younger age group (18-35 yr) including both male (215) and females
(27). Least number of respondents belonged to the age group above 50 yr. The data regarding their education
levels revealed that majority of the participants were up to senior secondary (61.08%) followed by graduates
(21.36%). Majority of the participants were farmers (72.65%) either small, marginal or large farmers and
most satisfied that the training was need based and helped to sort out the problems and questions which
were in their minds before the start of the training. Majority of the participants were most satisfied with the
practical (92.87%) and exposure visits to the apiary (84.26%). The data revealed that 70.26per cent trainees
gained knowledge on the importance of bees for pollination of crops and conservation of biodiversity and
hence showed their eagerness to adopt bee keeping for pollination services whereas 28.14per cent were
interested in honey production and its sale. The gain in knowledge ranged between 42.12 to 72.46 per cent .

The bio-efficacy of Aliette 80 WP was evaluated against citrus foot rot/gummosis disease in the
Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2014-15 and 2015-16.
Aliette as sprays and soil drench @ 2.5 g and 4.0g/l of water were tested using 10 l water per tree and
compared with Aliette spray + Ridomil Gold soil drench (2.5 g/l water). Aliette spray + Ridomil Gold
soil drench, Aliette sprays and soil drench and Aliette each @ 2.5 g/l water gave significantly highest
reduction in trunk lesion size and increase in feeder root density and fruit yield in the infected Kinnow
plants. Aliette sprays were found significantly better than Aliette soil drench application. Aliette @ 2.5
g and 4.0 g per l of water did not show any phytotoxic effect on leaves, fruit surface and yield and
safe to use. In vitro, 100 per cent growth inhibition of the pathogen was recorded in Ridomil Gold and
Ridomil MZ at 25 ppm where as in Aliette it was more than 200 ppm. Ridomil Gold / Ridomil MZ
were found to be highly effective with ED50 value < 10 ppm and ED90 value < 25 ppm against the
pathogen. The ED50 and ED90 value of Aliette was < 50 µg/ml and <200 µg/ml, respectively indicting its
less direct effect on the pathogen. For the effective and safe management of the disease Aliette as sprays
@ 2.5 g/ l of water can be used as alternative of Ridomil Gold soil drench and trunk paint application.

Shrimp head waste (SHW) is rich in protein (40.37%) with excellent amount of amino acid which can
easily be incorporated in fish feed preparation by replacing fish meal. The utilization of SHW is limited
due to the presence of crude fiber (chitin) which interferes in digestibility of fish. This problem may be
overcome through bio-fermentation using Bacillus subtilis (FPTB-13) which can reduce this crude fiber
by the breakdown of glycosidic bond between protein and chitin converting the product easily digestible.
Fermentation of shrimp head waste in biofermenter increases the amount of available protein with proper
proportion of amino acid and reduces the fermentation time substantially as compared to conventional method.

Meat consumption has a tremendous regional impact that ranges from local to global. Due to high
affordability, carabeef is the second most consumed animal protein in India after chicken. Srinagar has
a human population of diverse socio-economic background. As such it provided the ideal situation for
the study with no previous attempt made by anyone in this regard. The present study was carried out
in all thirty-five (35) administrative wards of Srinagar city. Seven households were randomly selected
from each ward making a total of two hundred and forty-five (245) respondent families in all. Variables
based on different aspects of consumption behaviour towards Carabeef were incorporated into the
questionnaire developed for the study. The major findings of the study revealed that majority of the
households were nuclear families with most of them having business as their main occupation and
average annual income of Rs.409665/-. Carabeef was not preferred much in Srinagar city as just 39.59
per cent consumed it with an average monthly consumption of 0.95 kg per consuming household. Family
tradition behind its non-uptake turned out to be major reason for such selective preference. However,
among those respondents who preferred the said meat claimed its higher affordability as main reason
behind its consumption and all invariably purchased buffalo meat from local retail shops with an average
monthly expenditure of Rs 284/-. Among the various socio-economic variables family income and family
type (nuclear families) was found to be negatively and highly influenced with preference for Carabeef
consumption. Thus, consumer’s preference with regard to Buffalo meat consumption is essential to be
incorporated while planning for the sector especially in context to large animal- based entrepreneurship.

Extension Education and communication management is one of the pillars of home/community science
education that was designed to extend the approach of home/community science knowledge and allied
discipline to the families and communities with professional excellence. With the advancement in
education sector, there is a declining enrolment rate in home/community sciences. Hence, the present
research was carried out purposively with the college students and teachers/ professors selected from
home/community science colleges/departments from six universities of five states. The information
pertaining to the causative variables behind student drop outs and suggestions for student attraction
and retention was gathered from 166 students and 51 teachers respectively. According to students and
faculties, no linkage with the NGOs and the media organizations, ineffective extension competencies
of faculty membersand extension strategies, lack of practical based approach in the courses and focus
on traditional curriculum and lack of infrastructure facilities/computer labs/ editing software were the
major causes of student drop-out from the concerned subject and decline in its enrolment rates. Further,
students and faculty membersalso suggested to put forward the inter-linkages with the NGOs/local bodies/
universities /government organizations, participatory collaborations with the government schemes on rural
development, integration of new extension related courses in the curriculum and reforming the traditional
curricula of the pedagogical studies and inclusion of formal training for computer/ video-recording software
and animation in the departments for retention of students in the course. It was clear from the study that
there needs to be reconsideration and transformation in the extension department to attract the students
towards it as it is the multidisciplinary subject with the emphasis on skill enhancement in developmental
planning and communication through a balanced combination of academic and training inputs.

Agriculture and allied sector are the largest source of livelihood in India. About 120 million small holder
farmers play crucial role in the food chain of country. The novel Corono virus 2019 currently designated as
COVID -19 and its spread across the country threatened all the sectors of development in India. The small
and marginal farmers were most affected by the series of lockdown imposed by the governments in lieu
of containing the COVID-19 spread since 23rd March 2020. The research has been conducted to prioritize
constrains faced by the farmers of Ariyalur District of Tamilnadu and to suggest suitable rehabilitation
measures to ensure the well being of the farmers. The study was conducted in two villages each in six blocks
of district and ten farmers in a village were randomly selected to arrive at 120 respondents for the study. The
survey was conducted using well designed questionnaire and information were collected over phone calls. The
data collected were analyzed using statistical tools like frequency and percentage to rank the constraints faced
by the farmers. Difficulties on getting farm input and animal feed, lack of outside merchants for procuring the
farm produces, lack of technical experts to solve the field problems on time, unawareness about Government
schemes were the major impediments as expressed by 93.33, 81.66, 80.83 and 74.16 per cent of the respondents,
respectively. The rehabilitation measures like hike of PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, facilitation of free flow of
credits and subsidies, restructuring of marketing mechanisms including fixing up of MSP were suggested.

India is predominantly an agricultural country with many rural habitations. Even though the application of
fertilizers is low in our country, there is considerable runoff with fertilizer and pesticide residue into rural
ponds and stagnant water bodies. Crop residue burning in Northern India is a major menace to environmental
safety and WHO reports the Indo-Gangatic plains to have one of the poorest air qualities. The amount of postharvest agricultural waste generated is 1.5 to 2.25 times as that of the actual crop quantities. The particulate
matter visibility in New Delhi has shown a 60per cent increase during post monsoon season, in 2016. In this
regard, the awareness and efforts taken by the farmers, to mitigate the ill effects of environmental pollution are
of utmost importance. To know the constraints faced by farmers in mitigating the ill effects of environmental
pollution, so as to give suggestions and recommendations to them, the present study was carried out in Kerala
Agricultural University, Thrissur. Thrissur and Palakkad districts of Kerala were purposively selected with
90 respondents, 30 each of paddy, banana and vegetable farmers. The major constraints were identified based
on importance and ranked using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W). Inadequacy of waste disposal
and recycling was the major constraint as expressed by farmers. Increased emergence of pests and diseases
were also major constraints as opined by the farmers. The lack of access to mass media was identifies as
a minor constraint. The study suggested some remedial measures to the farmers, which if implemented
aptly by them can help them tide over the hazardous effects of environmental pollution on their farms.

The depth wise soils of sugarcane- wheat cropping system from four blocks of Moradabad district were
analysed to find the physico – chemical properties like soil texture, bulk density, pH, EC, CEC, organic
carbon, total nitrogen, macro & micronutrients. The pH of soil samples varied between 7.2 to 8.9. The range
of electrical conductivity of 1:2 soil water extraction was 0.139 to 0.705 d Sm-1 at 25 0C. None of the soil was
found in saline category. CEC of soil varied between 12.08 to 21.10 cmol (p+
)/kg of soil. Generally, CEC was
positively and significantly correlated with clay content. The organic carbon content which decline with soil
depth varied between 2.4 to 7.2 g kg/ha soil. Organic carbon was correlated positively and highly significantly
with available nitrogen, total nitrogen, positively with available P, K, micronutrient and microbial biomass
carbon and negatively with bulk density and CEC in all the cropping sequences soil. The available nitrogen
ranged from 55.62 to 138.05 kg/ha. It decline with soil depth. Total nitrogen in soil decline with increasing
soil depth and ranged from 522.27 to 2924.78 kg /ha. The available phosphorus and potassium ranged
from 4.53 to 26.87 and 92.0 to 189.84 kg ha-1and declined with increasing soil depth. Among the different
cationic micronutrients with exception of zinc the availability of rest micronutrients was in sufficiency
range. In some case the availability of zinc was in deficient range. DTPA extractable Cu ranged from 0.598
to 1.973, Fe 4.245 to 15.413, Mn 2.025 to 4.35 and Zn 0.213 to 1.961 mg kg/ha soil. The availability of these
micronutrients declined with increase in soil depth. Except Mn and available potassium others nutrients
were significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon. The biological properties of soil, the range
of bacteria varied from 2.1 to 5.6 x 106
, fungi 1.8 x 104
to 2.2 x 104
and actinomycetes 1.5 x 104
to 2.7 x104
count g-1 soil, microbial biomass carbon 255-290 ?g /g soil and dehydrogenase activity 61 to 72 ?g TPF g/day.

Information Communication technologies (ICT) showed the ways of disseminating information to
the intended stakeholders. The advancements in ICT can be utilized for providing accurate, timely,
relevant information and services for empowering farm families. Recent developments in ICT have
introduced plethora of opportunities for development in every conceivable area, while traditional media
such as radio and television have played a major role in dissemination of information to farm families.
The present initiative was taken up to design and develop a portal named Saamajika Samaachar by
Department of Home Science Extension College of Home Science, Guntur to dissimilate home science
information and technologies to farm women in specific and farm families in general. As a result,
portal was providing information on nutrition and health, child development, resource management,
textiles and clothing, environment education and extension management and communication. Present
paper discusses the various steps and methodology followed for the development of the web portal.

Gmelina is a multipurpose tree species and naturally found in dry and moist deciduous forest. The success
of large-scale plantation program fully depends on the planting of quality plant stock. Clonal propagation
of selected genotypes will help to capture the full genetic potential of existing variation. The present
experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentration of Indole-3-Butyric Acid and
size of cuttings for rooting and sprouting behavior of Gmelina cuttings. Rooting experiment was conducted
in a completely randomized block design with four replication. The shoot cuttings were collected from the
vegetative multiplication garden and graded based on size into different diameter classes. The four diameter
classes viz., 10mm,10-20mm,20-30mm and >30mm were formulated to estimate the potential of shoot/
root regeneration. Shoot cuttings were treated with different concentration of IBA viz., 500, 1000, 2000,
3000 and 4000 ppm to assess the effect of IBA on rooting and survival. The cuttings were planted in the
root trainer containing the rooting substrate of vermiculite. The root trainer was placed inside the low-cost
polytunnel located inside the 75 per cent shade net. The observation of rooting and sprouting parameters were
recorded 75 after planting into a rooting substrate. Among different concentration, IBA@ 2000 ppm and
10-20 mm diameter class of cuttings recorded higher value on rooting, sprouting and survival percentage.

Oyster mushroom is highly perishable due to high moisture content, high respiration and transpiration
rate. The shelf life of the mushroom can be extended by the process of dehydration. The main aim of
the present study was to see the effect of pretreatment on dehydration of oyster mushroom in terms
of quality and sensorial acceptability. The experiment was conducted with 5 samples and with 5
treatments. Samples of mushroom were sundried by giving various pretreatments i.e., 0.05% Citric
acid, 0.05% KMS, 0.05% Citric acid and 0.05% KMS and 0.1%Citric acid and 0.1% KMS. It took 5
d to get the desired final dried product of 6.66 per cent moisture content. From this study, it was
found that T5 i.e. pretreatment with 0.1% Citric acid and 0.1% KMS gave the best result in terms of
recovery percentage, low moisture content and sensorial score than other treatments. The drying
characteristic of the products involving percentage of drying with days of drying were also studied.

In order to identify suitable Rabi onion varieties for Lalitpur district, an experiment was laid out
during 2018-19. Two high yielding onion varieties were tested with four replications in comparison
to that of local variety being grown by the farmers of the area. Different treatments included onion
variety Agrifound Light Red (T1), NHRDF Red 3 (T2) and local variety Lalima (T3). The results
revealed that highest plant height (59.29 cm) was reported from in Agrifound Light Red and the
lowest in local variety (35.2 cm). Similarly, onion variety NHRDF Red-3 recorded maximum number
of leaves (10.2), maximum neck thickness (1.62 cm) along with maximum weight of bulb (71.8 g)
and marketable yield per hectare (259.5 q). Highest B:C Ratio (2.84) was reported from cultivation
of onion variety NHRDF Red-3. It was concluded from the study that onion variety NHRDF Red3 had better performance in the trial and can be recommended for cultivation in Bundelkhan

The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shimla conducted on farm trial on apple during 2018 and 2019 at five
locations Karalash, Bharethly, Gawana, Samala and Annu with the objective to determine the effect of
boric acid on fruit set, yield and quality of apple cultivar Royal Delicious. There were five treatments
with four replications for each treatment and three trees per replication. The treatments were T1-
foliar application of boric acid (0.1%) at pink bud stage, T2- foliar application of boric acid (0.1%) in
June (farmer’s practice), T3- foliar application of boric acid (0.1%) in May and repeated in June, T4-
foliar application boric acid (0.1%) at pink bud and repeated in May and T5- Control (water foliar
application). The maximum fruit set, fruit weight, yield, TSS, total and reducing sugars was recorded
in tree sprayed with treatment T4 (boric acid (0.1 %) at pink bud stage and repeated in May). The per
cent increase in yield over farmer’s practice and control was 22.30 and 27.78 per cent, respectively.

The study was carried out at farmer’s field in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh on kiwifruit cv. Allison
spaced at 4m x 6m. Allison is a leading and most popular cv. of kiwifruit and a heavy bearer needs fruit
thinning so that the fruit attains a proper grade in relation to fruit size and yield. A grade fruits fetch a
better price in the market and small fruits are non desirable, not saleable and therefore uneconomic. The
present study was conducted by spraying vines with CPPU (Sitofex). There were three treatments asT1
sitofex @5ppm, T2 sitofex @10 ppm and T3 (control, no spray). The highest average yield (34 kg/vine)
and production of 14.1t/ha. was recorded in vines sprayed with 5 ppm CPPU with net return (Rs.17.46
lakh/ha.) and B:C ratio of 4.65 was recorded followed by vines sprayed with 10 ppm CPPU where
average yield (29 kg/ vine) with production of 12 t/ ha. and net return (Rs.14.34 lakh/ha.) and B:C ratio
of 3.82 was recorded. The lowest average yield (25 kg/ vine) and production of 10.4 t/ha. and net return
(Rs. 11.85 lakh/ha.) and B:C ratio (3.16) was recorded in vines which were not sprayed. Maximum A
grade fruits (55%) were obtained in vines sprayed with 5 ppm CPPU followed by 10 ppm CPPU where
50 per cent A grade fruits were obtained. The lowest A grade fruits (30 %) was recorded for control.

Present study was conducted by KVK Mandi for two years to assess the effect of foliar application of nutrients on the various parameters of mango. The uniform trees of cultivar Dashehari planted at a distance of 8×10 m were selected for the study. The treatment consists of calcium chloride @1.0% (T1), borax @ 0.5% (T2), calcium chloride @ 1.0% + borax @ 0.5% (T3 ), zinc sulphate @ 0.5% (T4 ) and control (T5). The experiment was laid under randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The nutrients were applied
at marvel stage of fruits. The data of both the years were pooled and mean was given in the result. All the treatments significantly influenced the growth, yield and quality of fruits over control. Treatment combination comprising of calcium chloride @1.0% + borax @ 0.5% (T3 ) resulted in highest shoot extension growth (37.20 cm), yield (45.93 q/ha), fruit weight (200.45 g) and fruit volume (195.57 ml) followed by application of Borax @0.5% (T2 ) during both the years of study. Chemical quality parameters viz., total soluble solids,
reducing and total sugars were found better under borax @ 0.5% (T2 ) treatment while acidity was maximum under zinc sulphate @ 0.5% (T4 ). Lowest values of all these parameters were recorded under control (T5 ).

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of foliar spray of different doses of nutrient
supplement containing Boron (3%), Zinc (4% chelated), Copper( 0.1% chelated) and Molybdenum(0.02%)
on apple fruit during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Nutrient supplement (Flower Power) was
applied twice during blooming, first spray when 20 per cent flowering occurred and second ten
days after first spray, at the rates of 0, 0.06 , 0.08 and 1.0 per cent in randomized block design and
fruit set percentage, fruit drop percentage, yield and various physical and chemical characteristics
were studied. It was found that nutrient supplement @ 1.0 per cent resulted in highest fruit length
(8.19 cm), fruit breadth( 8.04 cm), fruit weight (203.56 g), total sugars (11.05%), fruit set percentage
(39.37%), yield (29.56 MT/ha) and least fruit drop (12.11%) in comparison to other treatments.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely grown cereal crop in the world and increasing the
grain yield is an important national goal to face the continuous increasing food needs. Technique of sowing
is one of the important factors affecting the yield of wheat. Number of sowing techniques is being used by
farmers. Out of which four techniques namely sowing of seed using happy seeder, super seeder, zero till
drill and rotavator/disc harrows were selected. In this regard, a survey was conducted in different villages
of district Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Langroya with an objective
to determine the sowing techniques used by farmers, variety grown and its effect on the yield of wheat.
The results showed that major area of the district was under variety HD 3086 and Unnat PBW 343. Most
of the farmers got higher yields (21-23q/acre) using Happy seeder. The lowest yield was obtained from
the use of rotavators/disc harrows (16-18q/acre). Super seeder being a new technology was used by very
few farmers but it has also helped in getting yields higher than zero till drill and rotavators/disc harrows.

The present investigation was conducted at the technology park of KVK Jaunpur during summer seasons of 2018 and 2019. The twelve treatment viz., control (T1 ), P45 (T2), P60 (T3 ), P45+2.5 t press mud/ ha(T4 ), P60+2.5 t press mud/ha (T5 ), P45+PSB (T6 ), P60+PSB (T7 ), P45+2.5 t press mud/ ha +PSB (T8), P60+2.5t press mud/ha+PSB (T9), 2.5 t press mud alone (T10), PSB Alone (T11), 2.5 t press mud/ ha +PSB (T12)ware replicated thrice in randomized block design, the green gram variety Narendra moong1 was taken as test crop. The data observed revealed that 60kg P2O5+2.5t press mud + PSB/ ha significantly increased plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of nodules and dry matter  ccumulation. The same treatment combination proved most effective improving yield and yield contributing characters viz., number of pods and number of grain per pods improved under treatment 60kg P2O5+2.5t press mud +PSB/ ha, protein content was also fallowed by same treatment. Availability of phosphorus in soil was also recorded significantly higher under 60kg P2O5+2.5t press mud/ha. Phosphorus concentration in plant, phosphorus utilization efficiency and its uptake by crop of green gram were maximum with same treatment. A considerable improvement in buildup of phosphorus fraction in soil was observed under all treatment. Thus the recommendation 60kg P2O5+2.5t press mud +PSB/ha can be made to the farmer of eastern Uttar Pradesh for obtaining good yield quality of moog bean and improving soil health.

The present study was conducted for comparing the effect of Tulsi ingredients, Eugenol and Ursolic
acid on the reproductive performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under Tarai condition of
Uttarakhand. The results revealed that role of Ursolic acid in enhancing gonadal development and
effect of Eugenol in decreasing gonadal development in C. carpio. Indicators of reproductive profile
(GSI, fecundity and sperm count) exhibited more potency of Ursolic acid and less potency of Eugenol
in gonadal differentiation and development. These observations indicate that Eugenol and Ursolic acid
can also be used for selective enhancement of gonadal development depending upon the requirement.

In order to evaluate the trainings imparted on goat farming with an emphasis on recommended goat
farming practices and technologies, 120 farmers who underwent on-campus trainings offered by Guru
Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana were interviewed
after six months of training with a pretested interview schedule. The study found that majority (55.83
%) belonged to 31-45 yr age group. Also 37.50 percent respondents were educated up to high school
only. As far as annual income was concerned, majority (95.83 %) had annual income up to 6 lakh.
About 23.33 percent were landless. All those who adopted goat enterprise, adopted vaccination,
deworming and identification of goats fully, however only 10 per cent respondents adopted debudding
of kids as they do not give much importance to this. Mean adoption score was highest for high education
category (35.29 ± 7.04). Training and capacity building are therefore, must to increase knowledge and
awareness however, adoption behavior is dependent on many other factors like societal perception.

Chickpea (Cicer aritinum L.) is the major rainfed pulse crop cultivated in the hill areas of Vellore district
in Tamil Nadu. However the productivity is highly limited by Chickpea wilt disease incited by Fusarium
oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and causes heavy losses (37-45%) depending upon infection stage and soil type.
The availability of drought tolerance, wilt resistant and high yielding varieties was major constraint in
chick pea cultivation. An investigation was carried out to identify suitable high yielding varieties for
Yelagiri region during Rabi 2017-18. The study revealed that chickpea variety GBM 2 recorded higher
seed yield of 968 kg/ha with the minimum disease incidence of 8.5 per cent. The maximum number
of pods per plant (22.0) was recorded in GBM 2 variety compared to other varieties. The highest wilt
incidence 17.2 per cent recorded in chickpea variety CO-4. Higher net return of Rs. 29,810 /ha and
benefit cost ratio of 3.15 was recorded in GBM 2 compared to the other varieties. The investigation
concluded that GBM 2 was found to be suitable variety for Yelagiri Hill region due to minimum wilt
incidence and high seed yield. Considering the above facts, GBM 2 would be a better variety to the farming
community for enhancing the productivity of Chickpea for Yelagiri hills in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu.

Kinnaur, a dry temperate region of Himachal Pradesh is well known for its quality apple, off-season vegetable
and rajmash production. The productivity of rajmash is lesser due to use of local strains of rajmash and
non adoption of improved cultural practices. Farmers generally practice broadcast method of sowing with
excessive seed rate of 2 to 2.5 times higher than recommended, which leads to poor germination and crop
strand. Cluster front line demonstration was conducted during kharif season of years 2017 with four varieties
viz., Kailash, Baspa, Triloki, Jwala and local strain as check. Line sowing with recommended seed rate and
other cultural practices were adopted in demonstrated varieties. Total area of 4.5 ha with 25 demonstrations
was covered during the kharif season of 2017 in two clusters/villages. The maximum yield, gross return,
net return and B:C ratio was recorded in variety Kailash followed by Triloki, Baspa and Jwala. Minimum
value for yield, gross return, net return and B:C ratio was observed in local strain with farmers practice.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, South Garo Hills conducted on farm trials (OFT) at three villages during 2019-20 where
New Zealand White (NZW) and Soviet Chinchilla (SC) breeds of broiler rabbit were introduced. Altogether
10 demonstration units were laid out having one male and two females in each unit. The groups were fed
with pelleted feed (Crude protein 15%) and greens (ad libitum). The quantity of feed offered and leftover
was recorded on daily basis. It was found that the average age at first kidding, number of kidding per doe
per year, litter size per kidding per doe and litter size at weaning per kidding per doe for New Zealand White
(NZW) rabbit were 211.85±0.45,6.00±0.18, 6.2±0.29 and 4.25±0.29, respectively and the corresponding
values for SC breed of rabbit were 212±0.45, 6.10±0.19, 6.1±0.29, 4.5±0.36. The mean body weight of
NZW at the age of weaning (4th wk) and at slaughter age (13th wk) were 249.29±1.88g and 1271.50±8.99g
respectively and the parallel values for SC were recorded as 251.33±1.77gand 1273.19±2.99g. Similarly,
the body weight gain of NZW and SC rabbits at 5th week and 13th wk were 192.38±2.02g, 93.63±6.34g,
205.01±2.43g and 92.88±3.07g. The body weight and body weight gain that has been observed from 4
to 13 wk in both, NZW and SC suggested that there was no significant difference between the breeds.
The average quantity of weekly feed consumed per animal from 4thto 13th wk in NZW was 316.57g and
figures for SC was found as 300.68g. The amount of weekly feed consumed in both the breeds did not
differed significantly. The average weekly feed conversion ratio (FCR) per animal in NZW was 3.49 and
for SC was 3.34. The average FCR in both the breeds did not differ significantly. It was observed that both
the breeds performed well in South Garo Hills district of Meghalaya with basic management practices.

Farm mechanisation has contributed significantly to the development of agricultural economy of Punjab
but farmers with meagre resources at their command can’t go further due to high price of machines.
Providing the farm machinery services on rental as well as on custom hiring to the farmers is the most
practical solution. Various models have been developed in order to select the optimum machinery and
resources allocation to minimize cost and timeliness of agricultural operations. Availability of these
machines at farmer’s doorstep has been promoted under Central Sector scheme. The use of these
machines is knowledge centric; therefore, hands-on training is very important. Sub-mission on agricultural
mechanization is promoting custom hiring centres to offset adverse economies of scale arising due to small
landholding and high cost of individual ownership. Paddy residue has emerged as a major challenge to
the contemporary agriculture in Punjab as farmers generally resort to burning of this paddy straw in the
field itself due to lack of time. Therefore, an attempt was made to establish machine bank for capacity
development of rural youth in machine operation & maintenance and develop them as entrepreneur.
Various machines were provided to the farmers for demonstrating the crop residue management
technology at strategic locations. It was found that the model of Machine bank established is proving
efficient model in attracting rural youth for entrepreneurship development in mechanisation. The concept
of Innovation Hub proved an excellent way to diffuse in-situ technology packages at grass root level.

Formulation of a thoughtful marketing strategy is of utmost importance for the success of any industrial
venture. No matter which sector of our economy we talk about, a lot depends on the marketing strategies
adopted. With the ever expanding movement of man, money and machinery the concept of markets
has also changed. Today, markets are not geographically-bound; rather globalization has outstretched
the horizons of markets both in vertical and horizontal domains. Though there has been an exponential
increase in terms of the opportunities available, the fierce competition pooling from all around the globe
has also increased. Focus and adoption of innovative techniques for production is necessary but in no ways
sufficient. The undertaken research focuses on the analysis of consumer’s psychographic profile in Shimla
district of Himachal Pradesh in resonance to the marketing strategies that are currently employed and can
be adopted to yield better results to the rural producers. A sample of 100 respondents was selected randomly
to map their psychographic profile and correlate various factors that influence their buying decision

Fish processing sector is growing very fast due to introduction of new fish and shell fish species, expansion of
cold chain facility, innovations and research in processing, preservation, packaging, improved storage facility
according to product type, transportation along with diversification in product range.Technologies including
traditional, modern and high input are available to preserve and process the fish. Fish processing and value
addition activity has immense scope to mitigate the problem of unemployment and provides a tool for livelihood.

An attempt was made to construct prediction models for the area, production and price of Banana in Kerala
using ARIMA (Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average) model. The yearly secondary data on area,
production and price of Banana collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics for the period from
1952-53 to 2018-19 were used for the analysis. The main objective of the study included assessment of trend
and growth rates of area, production and price and identification of the best ARIMA model for prediction.
Excellent parsimonious forecasting equations could be generated using the ARIMA technique. The validity of
the models was tested using standard statistical techniques. The forecasting power of ARIMA model was used
to forecast for six leading years, and results showed a good agreement between actual and predicted values.

Thirty one genotypes of bird eye chilli were used to study the nature of genetic divergence for 12 economically important characters. Diversity studies was carried out using Mahalanobis D2 statistics method. From the D2 statistics the genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. Cluster IV included maximum seven genotypes. The highest dissimilarity was observed between cluster III and VII with inter cluster distance of 1162.62. Cluster IV and VI had the lowest dissimilarity (33.76).Intercrossing of genotypes A14, A16,A17,A19 of cluster III and genotypes A23, A31, A30, A21,A28 of cluster VII is expected to result in high heterosis.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Imphal West has conducted 65 demonstration on toria var. M-27 during five consecutive
years from 2013-14 to 2017-18. The results revealed that the yield of toria with improved practice under
rain fed conditions ranged from between 7.45 to 9.5q/ha whereas in farmers’ practice from 5 to 6.5 q/ha. The
increase in yield with improved practice over farmers’ practice was recorded to the tune of 33.55 to 46.15
per cent. The average of technology gap, extension gap and technology index were found to be 1.64 q/ha,
2.48 q/ha and 16.44 q/ha, respectively. By conducting front line demonstration of proven technologies, yield
potential of toria cultivation can be enhanced to a great extent with increase income of the farming community.

The cluster frontline demonstration on greengram were conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morigaon
during 2016-17 and 2017-18 on summer season covering 60ha land with 150 demonstrations across total 8
villages with 8 clusters of Morigaon district of Assam. The improved technologies consisted of improved
high yielding variety, pre-emergence weedicides, use of biofertilizers as a seed treatment, vermicompost,
neem based pesticides and yellow sticky card as insect-pest management. The result revealed that the highest
grain yield was obtained in demonstrated plot with an average of 1243kg/ha compared to 725kg/ha in farmer’s
practice. Higher average net return (Rs.41,530/ha)was obtained in the demonstration plots compared to
farmers’ practice plot(Rs.14,705/ha).The average B:C ratio was 1.45 in demonstrated plot compared to 0.47
in farmer’s plot. The average increase in the demonstration yield over farmers’ practice was 71.67per cent
and net return increase over farmers’ practice was 182 per cent. The average technology gap of 157 kg/ha
whereas the average extension gap of 518 kg/ha and average technology index 11.21 percent were recorded.

The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the effectiveness of training on millet value addition
as an enterprise/ self employment venture. The training programme was focused for educated unemployed
semi urban/ rural youth who have interest in self employment. Skill development training on preparation of
value added products like ready mix, health mix, murukku mix, adai mix, paniyaram mix, sancks, cookies,
bread, cake and rusk from millets was imparted to thirty farmers for the period of one month. The impact
of the training was assessed by pre and post evaluation testing in terms of improvement in knowledge for
different parameters. It was observed that trainees had gained knowledge on instant millet food preparation,
millet bakery foods, millet noodles, millet snacks and packaging of value added products preparation and
nutritive value of millets after training. Thus, it can be inferred that exposure to training had increased the
knowledge of respondents related to all the sub-components of millet value addition. It may therefore, be
concluded that trainees succeeded in acquiring knowledge after exposure to training on millet value addition.

The front line demonstrations were conducted at the farmers’ field to demonstrate the organic sources of
nutrients for maintaining the soil health, reducing the rate of chemical fertilizer and to increase the yield
of rice (Oryza sativa L). The demonstration was conducted at ten farmers’ field covering 6 ha. of land
at RiBhoi District of Meghalaya during the year 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. The results of the study
revealed that the application of Azospirillum @3.5kg/ha + PSB @3.5kg/ha + 30 kg of cow-dung by root
dip treatment along with 50% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers had recorded significantly higher
yield i.e. 45.72 q/ ha with B.C ratio of 2.43 followed by farmer’s practice (24.6 q/ha yield with B.C ratio
1.62). Moreover, the soil nutrient status was also improved at the time of harvesting as compared to farmer
practice in both the years. An extension gap of 21.12 q/ ha and technology index 8.56 had been recorded.

A study on integrated pest management (IPM) module towards pod borer complex in pigeon pea was
conducted during the year 2019-20 at Agricultural Research Station, Virinjipuram with an objective to
assess its yield and economic benefits of the module. The results revealed that there was a remarkable
decrease in pod borer population taken at different stages of crop growth viz., flowering, pod-formation
and at pod-maturity. The larval population of H. armigera (6.43 No/plant) and M. vitrata (11.0 No/plant)
were reported in farmers’ practice. However, the highest larval population of H. armigera (13.0 No/plant)
and M. vitrata (14.4 No/plant) was reported in untreated check (control) with the lowest in IPM module.
At the time of harvest, pod damage due to different pod borers viz., H. armigera, M. vitrata and M. obtusa
were recorded in IPM module, farmers’ practice and untreated check. Among the podborers the highest
per cent damage was caused due to M. obtusa in all the three modules tested and reported as IPM (10.29),
farmers’ practice (17.14) and untreated (19.43). The reduction in the larval population and pod damage
in IPM treated plots resulted in significant increase in yield (1325 kg/ha) followed by farmers’ practice
(1045 kg/ha) and in untreated check (757 kg/ha). The difference in the yield increase was noticed due to
an additional investment of Rs.4000/ha towards IPM module and Rs.2500/ha towards farmers’ practice.
The excess expenditure incurred resulted in the highest net return of Rs. 44,375/-ha in IPM module as
compared to farmers’ practice with Rs.23,260/-ha with the lowest return in untreated check (Rs.17135/- ha).

The present survey was conducted to know the life of women during lockdown with the help of structured
tool circulated through social media. The results showed that lock down has definitely created a pressure
on their leisure time as more than 70 per cent respondents reported reduction in leisure time whereas
65 per cent respondents believe that family members extended full helps in day to day work. Salaries
were not received on time and decreased income was reported by 67 percent of respondents. More than
65 per cent were satisfied with the relationship with their spouse and family members during lock down
as they did not have complaint with them and only 2per centreported domestic violence at this time.

The productivity of pulses in India is lower than most of the major pulse producing countries. As pulses
are the major protein source in Indian diet, India has become the largest importer of pulses. The aim of
demonstrations in general is to raise production through transfer of technology to the farming community
to increase the yields. Thus, front line demonstrations (FLD) were conducted on ICM in rice fallow black
gram in various locations in Srikakulam district in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh during Rabi
2017-18 to 2019-20 to evaluate the difference between demonstrated technologies vis-a-vis practices
followed by the local farmers in rice fallow black gram. Foliar nutrient sprays and timely use of appropriate
pesticides along with other low-cost technologies has greatly increased the yields (600 kg/ha) of rice
fallow black gram recording pod yield of 14 pods per plant over the local check plots on an average.
These results have influenced the 110 peer farmers of the same as well as farmers of the neighboring
villages from the FLD farmers which have resulted in the adoption of this technology in the district.

Strawberry is commercially propagated via runner multiplication but this method being laborious and hectic could not meet the demand of local fresh market, processing and export. Also, the health and quality of plant is degenerated and not up to mark by this method. Hence, the present study was conducted at Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda during 2017-2018 with an aim to study in vitro explant response and regeneration capacity of strawberry cultivar sweet Charlie using different media composition through micro
propagation. For explant, meristem gave superior and significantly better results than nodals. Also, best effect came due to the treatment DEM1 with respect to regeneration percentage, shoot length and leaves. The interaction between the two factors concluded that it was better to use meristem as explants and DEM1 as media composition for better regeneration potential and vegetative growth. For rooting, REM1 media composition showed best rooting response with minimum days taken (6) and highest rooting percentage (80%).

A Study on Indigenous Agricultural Technical Knowledge (IATKs) commonly practiced related to the
management of common pests and diseases of major crops followed by the farmers of Jorhat district, Assam,
was under taken. The aim of the study was to create a database to determine the effectiveness of identified
IATKs as perceived by farmers and also to determine the scientific rationality as perceived by agricultural
scientists. Both pre-tested structured schedules as well as questionnaire were used to collect data from field
level and institutional level, respectively. It was revealed that in rice among the IATKs studied, 32 numbers
were targeted against major insect pests like stem borer, rice hispa, gundhi-bug, case-worm, rodents and
birds and only 3 numbers were found to be used against the diseases like brown spot, blast and bacterial leaf
blight. In case of stored grains pests of rice and pulse, only three numbers of IATK were predominantly used.

A study was conducted in Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India to assess the information-seeking behaviour
of the farmers. There are twelve blocks in the district. Five villages from each block were selected randomly.
From each selected village ten farmers were selected randomly for data collection. The total sample size of
the study was 600 farmers of district Aligarh. A structured interview schedule was used to collect the data.
Findings of the study reveal that maximum number of farmers were educated up to high school and intermediate
(30.17 % each), having land up to two hectares with irrigation facility (72.99 %). Family size of most of
the farmers (58.33 %) was medium (5 to 8 members). Major sources of agricultural information for farmers
were fellow farmers, friends/relatives, shopkeepers of agricultural inputs, officers/extension functionaries
of the department of agriculture, and television. While kisan mobile advisory service (mkisan), kisan call
centre, newspapers, internet, scientists of Agricultural Research Station, and representatives of NGOs were
the least used information sources. Few farmers participated in the extension activities organised by different
extension service providers in the district. Participation in Krishak Gosthies (farmers’ meetings) occupied the
first position in rank order of extent of participation in extension activities followed by Kisan Melas (farmers’
fairs), farmers’ training programmes, exposure visits, and field demonstrations, respectively. The current
study suggests the need for strengthening the personal cosmopolite sources of agricultural information and
training of farmers in the identification and utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
based sources of agricultural information. There is also a need to enhance the number of extension activities
and the farmers who have never participated must be encouraged to participate in extension activities.

The study was conducted on 80 farmers of Chandel district of Manipur state, India to delineate the
constraints in adoption of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies. It was done to assess the major
factors or determinants influencing farmers’ adoption decisions and their willingness to adopt these
techniques. A detailed structured pretested schedule containing a list of constraints and a focused group
discussion was used and the opinion of respondents in the study area on constraints was measured on a
five point continuum scale of very severe, quite severe, severe, not so severe and least severe with score
of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. Relevancy Coefficient was determined for each constraint reported and
Garret’s ranking technique was used for analysis. The major constraints in rapid adoption were found to
be land tenureship, rain-fed mono-cropping system and small land holdings with relevancy coefficients
of 0.92, 0.76 and 0.75 respectively. Labour scarcity during the peak season too was a major constraint
with a relevancy coefficient of 0.96. Farmers’ high motivation to successfully integrate the time-proven
scientific technologies to suit their socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions would further affect
its profitability and sustainability. Identifying and overcoming the constraints would lead to wide scale
adoption of the RWH technologies at the grassroot level and this would trigger conservation and harvesting
of the scarce and fragile resources and to expand income generation opportunities for improved livelihoods.

The knowledge, attitudes and practices of people hold towards any contagious disease like COVID-19
play an integral role in determining a society’s readiness to accept behavioural change measures related
to prevention of disease. Therefore, an effort was made to study the awareness toward COVID-19
among the farm women of Golaghat district of Assam. For the purpose, 110 numbers of farm women
were selected from 5 different blocks of Golaghat district of Assam. A well designed questionnaire was
developed as per the guidelines provided by World Health Organization on measures to be followed
on time to time and distributed among the participants. The majority of respondents belong to the age
group of 35 to 45 yrs old (34.55%) and 72 of total respondents were of OBC categories. Majority of
respondent’s education level was recorded to be in high school level (53.64%). The results of the present
study revealed that there was high level of awareness especially among the farmwomen regarding
nature, symptoms and preventive measures to be taken for preventing the spread of disease. Majority of
respondents (80.90%) were aware that COVID-19 is a viral disease and 79.10 per cent of the respondents
opined that the main mode of transmission of the virus is via respiratory droplets. All the respondents were
of the view that farmers should take their own food and water from home to their agricultural field, along
with that soap and water should also to be brought (84.54%). Besides that 74.54 per cent respondents
were in the view that wearing mask and social distancing is important during agricultural operations.

Black gram is an important pulse crop of Punjab state which is grown during summer and kharif seasons. Due
to heavy losses in black gram yield by hairy caterpillar attack under Punjab conditions, on-farm trials on PAU
recommended crop variety Mash 114 were conducted on 4haarea during kharif season of 2018 and 2019. The
results revealed that T2-farmers’ plots under recommended university practice and T3-KVK intervention
with homemade natural insecticide gave similar yield of black gram as 9.30 and 9.29 q/ha, respectively which
was higher than T1-control plots (7.26 q/ha). The benefit cost ratio of T2 (1.65:1) and T3 demonstration plots
(1.66:1) was also higher than T1 plots (1.31:1). The yield increase of KVK demonstration plots over control
plot was observed 27.96per cent. Thus, it can be concluded that black gram productivity could be enhanced
by encouraging the farmers by using desi cow urine and ecofriendly insecticides which is ecologically
sound and effective solution for hairy caterpillar management in comparison with chemical control

Covid 19 pandemic has induced a nationwide lock down. The lockdown has increased the uncertainty
in markets due to abrupt halt of economic activities which resulted in sudden contraction of demand and
supply. The present study examines the market access to paddy farmers and attempts to quantify the losses
to them due to lockdown in the Kerala state during the pandemic period. The results show that 89 per
cent of the paddy farmers accessed public procurement system and the paddy marketing channel which
involves private traders were totally absent during the pandemic period. On an average, total economic
loss due to lockdown for paddy farmer amounted to Rs.3691/ha. The market access available to the paddy
farmers in Kerala during Covid 19 lockdown period in the form of the well-established public procurement
system turned out to be the most effective marketing channel during this exceptional situation which limited
the lockdown related economic losses to around one percent of the total loss in state agriculture sector.

Efficient and modern post-harvest marketing practicesplay a critical role inincreasing the participation of
farmers both in input as well as output markets by commercializing their activities, subsequently improving
their ability to engage efficiently in these markets. Better post-harvest management of agricultural produce
through sorting, grading and value addition, if adopted by farmers can lead to theirenhanced economic standing,
increase their incomes and their overall welfare. To better understand the local prevalence of such practices,
a survey of potato growers from Hatod and Mhow tehsils of Indore district was done after applying stratified
sampling technique. Using the pre-tested structured questionnaire, personal interviews were conducted with
farmers from the identified areas. The analysis revealed few interesting insights such as despite possessing
knowledge about value addition of produce resulting into higher income, very few farmers apply the same.
Similarly, very few farmers have associated themselves with FPOs and contract farming, hence were unable
to leverage collective and better bargaining. Also, just 29 per cent of surveyed farmers had availed various
government schemes, price initiatives and subsidies i.e., government’s policy interventions are unutilized for
a large section of the farmers. Very few farmers store their produce and prefer to sell it off instead of waiting for a
favourable price. These aspects are acting as hinderances towards income growth avenues for many farmers
and can potentially turn things around significantly if more and more farmers start deploying these practices.

A field experiments was conducted at the Entomology Research Farm, ICAR Research Complex for North
Eastern Hill Region, Umiam, Meghalaya to study novel insecticides in relation to safety towards natural enemies
associated with tomato ecosystem. The field experiments were laid out in randomized block design with three
replications for each treatment. Treatments viz., flubendiamide 48% SC @ 30 g a.i./ ha, indoxacarb 14.5%
SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, novaluron 10% SC @ 100 g a.i./ha, novaluron 5.25 % SC+ indoxacarb 4.5 % SC @ 45.94
+39.38 g a.i./ha, cypermethrin 10% EC @ 50 g a.i./ha, Bacillus thuringiensis SP @ 2.5 kg /ha, Azadirachtin
300ppm EC @ 1500 ml /ha, Metarhizium anisopliae Powder @ 2.5 kg /ha and Beauveria bassiana Powder
@ 2.5 kg /ha were applied at 45 d after transplanting with the help of a knapsack sprayer using 500 L of spray
mass per hectare and repeated after 15 d of first spray. The results revealed that all the treated plots with biorational insecticides had more or less higher incidence of the two predators i.e., coccinellids and spiders.
Novaluron treated plot showed the highest population of 8.03/ 5 plants of spider and Bacillus thuringiensis
treated plot showed the highest population of 4.95/5 plants of coccinellids for both the years respectively.

To make out the response of plum to integrated nutrient management, an on farm trial was conducted at five different locations in district Poonch for three successive years. The treatments were T1 :Farmers’ Practice (Urea (500 g) + 10 kg FYM), T2: Recommended dose (N (735g/tree), DAP (280g/tree), MOP (1050g/tree) and T3: Intervention (N40% +VC50% + FYM10% , P50% + VC45% + FYM5% and K50%+VC 40%+FYM10%). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) comprised of  three treatments having various combinations of inorganic fertilizers (urea, SSP and MOP), FYM and vermicompost. Among the treatments, T3 : Intervention (N40% +VC50% + FYM10% , P50% + VC45% + FYM5%
and K50%+VC 40%+FYM10%), performed best where highest annual shoot growth (50.39cm), tree height (4.97), trunk girth (80.27), fruit set (61.03%), fruit yield (38.89 kg/ tree), TSS (18.20oBrix), highest gross income (Rs. 507173/-), net income (Rs. 311112/-) and benefit cost ratio (1: 58) was obtained.

Under the Nutri sensitive Agri-resources and Innovations (NARI) project, KVK-Valsad conducted study
during the year 2017-2020 in six villages of Kaparada block with 120 respondents to assess the VADI model
and Gangama mandal design in addressing food security of tribal people of Valsad. Pooled data showed
that in traditional method of home stead garden, farmers were cultivated only 6-7 crops in haphazard
manner which were not enough to fulfill their requirement so they had to purchase from market. In case
of Gangama mandal model, farmers could cultivate up to 32 crops, where as in VADI model upto 19
crops i.e., vegetable, fruits, root crops, herbal crops, pulses etc., resulted in maximum increase in average
production (134 per cent), average annual income (Rs.23,745/-), average consumption(54%) and it reduced
purchase(60%) from outside market compared VADI Model and traditional method. The scaling up of
proven nutrition interventions like Gangama nutri-garden model laced with more number of seasonal
vegetables may be useful to improve household nutritional security of tribal people of Valsad district.

Bangana devdevi (Hora) is an indigenous medium-sized and bentho-pelagic minor carp, widely distributed
in the Chindwin headwaters of Manipur, Northeast India. Induced breeding of B. devdevi was done using
Gonopro-FH in different doses @ 0.4ml, 0.5ml and 0.6ml/kg body weight in a set of three experimental
groups T1, T2 and T3, respectively. All the males were given half the doses of females. Spawning commenced
6–10 hr after injection and was completed within 4–5 hr. Fertilized eggs were hatched out after 11–16 hr
of fertilization at temperatures of 26.4–27.5°C. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the relation
between the hormone dosage with egg output, fertilisation rate and hatching rate. The highest number of
fertilisation (94.25%) and hatching rate (89.03%) were found in fish with Gonopro-FH @ 0.5ml/kg body
weight female and significantly higher (P<0.05) than T1 and T3. The present study may be beneficial for species
conservation and management strategies in rivers and tributaries as well as mass seed production of B.devdevi.

Deep learning constitutes a recent, modern technique for new variants in agriculture with quality yield,
minimal resources, and large potential. As deep learning has been successfully applied in various domains,
it has recently entered also the domain of agriculture. In this paper, hydroponic farming is employed
using deep learning techniques for tomato plant production addressing major challenges for increasing
the production using a small area for cultivation and also in a short span of time. By examining the
production and agricultural problems understudy the novel technology of smart farming techniques can
be implemented for overall performance. Hydroponic system, multi-planned air flow, moisture, amount
of nutrients thresholds of carbon dioxide and nitrogen can be controlled and operated using deep learning
techniques. IoT sensors and use of UAVs assist in controlling the other aspects of production. The study
evaluates the application of deep learning methods on tomato plants for optimizing high quality yields
of production. In this research study 1500 sq. ft. land was used for cultivating the hydroponic farming of
tomato plants automating supply of nutrients, water and use of controlled environment with low cost. This
study was conducted for about six months from March 2020 to September 2020. The results show that
27% production was increased yielding best quality tomatoes with minimum investment and time span.

Pomegranate is an economically important fruit crop of arid and semiarid regions owing to its
immense medicinal, therapeutic values and high remuneration. A study was conducted to note
down response of pomegranate (Punicagranatum L.) to saline water irrigation under arid conditions.
A survey in pomegranate growing belt in Barmer district of Rajasthan revealed perceptible changes in
soil conditions and irrigation water quality within 10km of radius. Per say EC and RAC of irrigation
water ranged from 1.5 to 12.0 dsm-1 and 0.0 to 6.8meq L-1,respectively, however soil pH ranged from
7.35 to 9.9. The present study aimed to give supplemental knowledge about response of pomegranate to
normal, moderate and high salinity of irrigation water under arid conditions. It was observed that there
was not much negative effect of salinity up to 8 dS/m. However, trees irrigated with higher saline water
(>8 ds/m) showed drastic reduction in plant height and canopy spread compared to low and moderate
saline water. Even with moderate saline irrigation water plant height and canopy spread was slightly
higher compared to low level of saline irrigation water but fruit weight, yield and juice yield decreased.

A two-year field trial was conducted at farmers field at Vijayapur in shallow medium black soils to evaluate
the pigeon pea based intercropping system with millets 1:2 row proportion under dry land condition.
Sole pigeon pea recorded significantly higher seed yield (1115 kg/ha and 1090 kg/ha) for 2017 and 2018,
respectively as compared to pigeon pea + foxtail millet (1:2) intercropping system (1079 kg/ha and 1045
kg/ha) for 2017 and 2018, respectively. Significantly higher (1152 kg/ha and 1146 kg/ha) SEY was recorded
in pigeon pea + foxtail millet (1:2) intercropping system for 2017 and 2018 and which was at par with sole
pigeon pea cropping system (1115 kg/ha and 1090 kg/ha) for 2017 and 2018, respectively. Significantly
higher gross returns (Rs. 70819/ha and Rs. 68400/ha), net returns (Rs. 44419 /ha and Rs. 43600 /ha), and
BC ratio (2.93 and 2.84) was recorded in pigeon pea + foxtail millet (1:2) based intercropping system
for 2017 and 2018, respectively and this intercropping system is more remunerative over sole crop.

Bio-priming is a process of biological seed treatment that refers to combination of seed hydration and
inoculation of seed with beneficial organism to protect seed. It is an ecological approach using selected fungal
antagonists against the soil and seed-borne pathogens. Biological seed treatments provide an alternative to
chemical control. Seed priming as one of the most important developments to help rapid and uniform
germination and emergence of seeds, and to increase seed tolerance to adverse environmental conditions.
Seed priming is now a widely used commercial process that accelerates the germination rate and improves
seedling uniformity in many crops. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kollam during 2017-18, conducted On farm
testing on pre-sowing seed bio-priming in okra and the trial was conducted with twelve treatments and
three replications. The main objective of the experiment was to assess the effect of different bio agents in
seed germination, growth , yield and disease incidence in okra. Response of different okra varieties towards
seed bio priming was also noted. Pre-sowing bio- priming of okra seeds with Psuedomonas at the rate of 8
g per liter was found to increase seed germination percentage, plant height, number of nodes per plant and
number of branches per plant in okra. It was also found to increase number of pods per plant, pod length,
diameter and pod weight. Bio priming of okra seeds with Psuedomonas increased total vegetable yield
per plant and also resulted in lower pest and disease incidence in okra. Lowest vegetable yield per plant,
pod yield , pod weight were reported from untreated okra seeds. Among different okra varieties tested,
seed bio-priming of variety Arka Anamika gave better growth , highest yield and less disease incidence.

The present study aimed at identifying the constraints faced and suggestions as reported by the postgraduate
scholars in the use of e-resources. In Rajasthan, out of five agricultural universities, three agriculture
universities namely MPUAT (Udaipur), SKNAU (Jobner) and SKRAU (Bikaner) running postgraduate
programmes for more than 20 yr were selected purposively. From each university, 60 respondents were
selected randomly. The primary data were collected using questionnaire method and analysed using simple
tabular analysis. The results revealed that the major constraints faced by the postgraduate scholars in use of
e-resources were lack of trainings for e-resources, lack of professional & skilled persons in the library and
lack of knowledge about information technology. As reported by the respondents to use e-resources the major
suggestions were strengthening the library by employing the professional and technical staff by the university,
training programmes must be organized for the students about use of e-resources and awareness generation by
arranging different programmes for the users to educate them about e-resources. Hence, it was recommended
that university should organize training programs for better use of e-resources. Besides, the facilities like
improvement of internet speed, number of workstations with Wi-Fi facility and increasing the number of
terminals and printers in the libraries, computer laboratories with access to internet should also be done.

The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bilaspur conducted 106 number of cluster front line demonstrations (CFLDs)
during kharif 2017 and 2018 on an area of 42.4 ha under rainfed conditions. There was a wide yield gap between
the potential and demonstration grain yields in blackgram crop mainly due to technology and extension gaps.
The study on black gram crop indicated that increase in grain yield over farmers’ practice was 87.4 and 127
per cent, respectively during the years. It was further observed that in terms of economics, black gram crop
recorded higher net returns/ha compared to farmer’s practice during both the years. The benefit cost ratio
was 4.1 and 2.5, respectively, during kharif 2017 and 2018 in demonstration plots of black gram. The percent
technology index varied between 27.3 to 32.6 per cent indicating urgent need to motivate the farmers to adopt
economical viable technologies for increasing production, productivity and profitability of pulse crops.

Contingency measures were adopted based on the real time weather pattern of the growing season in
the village Sirsuwada of Kotturmandal in Srikakulam district under rain fed farming system of paddy.
Field study was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amadalavalasa as biotic stress management at
farmers’ fields during the two khari fseasons 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in rice ecosystem in reducing
the blast and sheath blight incidences by economizing the cost of plant protection chemicals, adopting
prophylactic measures in the North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh. The experiment carried out using
different management practices as T1, seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/kg seed and as need based
chemical spray using fungicides like tricyclazole @0.6g/l and hexaconazole @2ml/l and T2, was farmer’s
practice as fungicidal sprays after the occurrence of disease irrationally without proper prophylactic
management practices. The results revealed that prophylactic measures were effective and were superior
over the farmers’ practice in reducing the incidence of blast and sheath blight in paddy with high B:C
ratio of 2.07 and 1.93 along with increased net return of Rs.41600/- and Rs.34312/- ,respectively.

The survey was carried out to identify the present adoption status of scientific dairy practices in SouthWestern Punjab. To undertake this work, 60 (20 small, 20 medium and 20 large) dairy farmers in Mansa and  Sangrur districts were selected where dairy farming was highly concentrated. Overall 28.33 per cent farmers acquired dairy entrepreneurial development training programme whereas 33.33 per cent farmers have taken loan from various financial institutions for establishment of dairy farms. Total 61.66 per cent farmers show the adoption of vaccination for common diseases like H.S., F.M.D. and B.Q., whereas only 26.66 per cent farmers analyzed the feed/fodder samples. Most of the farmers (76.66 %) use mineral mixture and salt for increasing the production and productivity of their animals. Total 26.6 per cent farmers prepared and use the silage whereas only 23.33 per cent farmers use urea for the treatment of wheat straw to use in summer during lean period of green fodder. Overall 63.33 per cent dairy owners know the proper practice of full hand milking practice. Majority of the respondents had also not adopted the correct practice of disposal of animal waste.

The research paper aimed at how milk production can be achieved by training of milk producers through extension services and training programmes in rural Punjab. During these training camps, the emphasis was on improving dairy practices like breed improvement, clean milk production, deworming, mineral mixture, feeding practices, etc. It was examined what were the perceptions and effectiveness of farmers regarding the training camps in improving the overall efficiency and socio-cultural status of the milk producers in rural villages? Although there were less women employed in the profession of dairying, how much impact the training has on their self esteem and social participation, was also examined. The objectives of the study was to study the socio-cultural profile of milk producers, study the up gradation in skills and knowledge after undergoing dairy training and finally, to study the attitudinal changes in adoption of dairy practices after attending dairy training and camps. The findings of the study were that lack of awareness, lack of finance, lack of technical guidance and higher costs remained some of the impediments which are faced by the milk producers. The study also indicated that conducting of training programmes were extremely
beneficial for increasing and updating the knowledge of milk producers regarding dairy farming practices.

In a developing country like India, entrepreneurship can provided new impetus to job creation and  economic development. Small scale business activities adopted by women entrepreneurs can contribute to rural development. It will also provide economic security and empower rural women as an individual. In present study, an attempt was made to study entrepreneurial activities adopted by women entrepreneurs in rural Punjab, benefits realized and constraints faced by them. For this purpose, four districts of Punjab were purposively selected i.e., Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Patiala. The data were collected using pre-tested questionnaire from 60 randomly selected women entrepreneurs. The results of the study revealed that women entrepreneurs had adopted various income generating activities viz., pickle making (30%), football sewing (15.0%) and phukari making (21.7%). Rise in income was realized benefit by 18.3% of the women entrepreneurs. Various constraints faced by rural women entrepreneurs were lack of credit facilities (25%), male dominance (13%), tough competition (11%), limited physical mobility (9%), low risk-bearing ability (5%), lack of marketing know-how (05%), lack of technical skills (04%), low self-esteem (3%) and limited access to technology (3%), etc. It was concluded that entrepreneurship development programme should focus on identified constraints faced by rural women entrepreneurs which would boost entrepreneurial activities and rural development in near future.

Balance dose of fertilizers not only gives better yield of cereals but also provide better nutrition to the population.
The present study was carried out at the Jewari village of Kaimur district during kharif season with the objective
to find out soil test based fertilizer recommendation and farmers’ practice fertilizer on growth, yield and yield
attributes characters and soil fertility status. The maximum plant height was recorded with application of
fertilizer on the basis of soil test (111.2 cm) followed by IPNI (International Plant Nutrition Institute) based
fertilizer recommendation (109.5 cm) which was 7 and 5 per cent more over farmer’s practice (FP). Highest net
returns (Rs. 65924/-) and B: C ration (2.91) was obtained with the application of fertilizer on the basis of soil test.

This study was conducted in Kathua district of Jammu & Kashmir with 80 dairying farmers purposively
selected who were intensively involved in agriculture and dairying activities. An interview schedule was
prepared to collect the required information and it was collected by personal interview method. Ten-item
statements were presented and assessment based on a three point Likert-type rating scale of most needed coded
3, somewhat needed coded 2 and not needed coded 1, mean scores was calculated. The collected data was
further quantified, categorized and tabulated. The study concluded that overall distribution of dairy farmers
according to training need, 52.5 per cent had medium training need followed by high training need. Dairy farmers
had most needed training in aspect of animal nutrition practices (WMS=2.39) and animal breeding practices
(WMS=2.28). Hence, realistic and effective planning for education and training need to be done to enhance
the skill and adaptation of better scientific practices for livestock farmers in an appropriate way. Further, it can
also be suggested that the livestock owners should be acquainted with scientific animal husbandry practices.

More than half of India’s rural households are dependent on agriculture as the principle means of livelihood
and the economic security of India is dependent on agriculture and allied activities. Hence, the country
cannot rely on subsistence agriculture to feed a population of 1.32 billion. Also, reduction in the contribution
of agriculture to the national GDP from 51.81per cent in 1950-51 to 17.9 per cent in 2014, increasing
unemployment and under employment in the sector, fragmentation of land holdings over successive
generations, migration from rural to urban areas make it necessary to focus on rural agripreneurship. It was
necessary to identify various training needs to increase the chances of success of rural agripreneurs. Hence, the
present study was conducted to find out the training needs of rural agripreneurs of Udham Singh Nagar district
of Uttarakhand by following the case study method . During the study, it was found that there were various
felt and unfelt training needs of the agripreneurs. Majority of the agripreneurs lacked technical knowledge
and skills related to the enterprises they were running. It was also found that agripreneurs required training on
market survey followed by support system and procedures, achievement motivation and managerial skills.

The present study was carried out in five blocks of Baksa district of Assam with the objective to assess the
training needs of livestock and poultry farmers of the district emphasizing feeding management thematic
area. Specific and relevant training needs topics were incorporated into an interview schedule in local
language among 240 farmers selected randomly. The study showed that more male farmers were involved in
farming activities indicating need for creating awareness and empowering women to participate in livestock
farming. Majority of the farmers (52.08 % ) belonged to middle age group (30-39 yr) with high school level
education having small farm holding ( 1 -2ha) were engaged in livestock and poultry farming. The training
need index (TNI) of the livestock and poultry farmers was highest for preparation of feed with locally
available feed material followed by fodder cultivation and toxicity of some toxic plants. The study revealed
that there was need to reorient the training programs and also to increase the number of training programmes
for reducing the knowledge gap and also the adoption gap among the livestock farmers of the district.

Chilli is an important high value spice crop, its varietal evaluation is an important area for the welfare and
livelihood security of farmers. Most of the farmers of Bishnupur district of Manipur are growing wide varieties
and cultivars of chilli but so far the research finding on chilli variety Barnali were lacking.To know the yield
potential of chilli variety Barnali and its economic impact,the evaluation on green fruit yield performance
of chilli var. Barnali and local cultivar Meitei morok was conducted at Leimaram village. The adopted
package of practices was seed rate @1kg/ha, spacing 60x45cm, FYM 15t/ha, NPK 120:50:50 kg/ha. There
was wide variation between two genotypes in green fruit yield and economic return.The result on yield and
economic return indicated that chilli variety Barnali was found superior to local cultivar. The chilli variety
Barnali could obtain the yield of 24.65t/ha and the local cultivar Meitei morokobtained 16.25t/ha with a net
income of Rs 8,67,317/- and BC ratio 7.43 : 1 compared to Meitei morok with a net income of Rs 5,33,317/-
with BC ratio 4.57:1. The percent increased in yield over local cultivar Meitei morokwas 51.7 per cent . The
technology gap, extension gap and technology index were 8.9t/ha, 8.4t/ha and 26.4 per cent, respectively. It
was concluded that cultivation of chilli variety Barnali could help to improve the economy of the farmers.

The field experiment was conducted a t f a r m e r ’ s f i e l d for evaluation of different sowing methods
with improved variety MACS-1188 of soybean in Junnar block of Pune district during the year 2016 to
2019. The experiment was conducted by involving two treatments namely Flat-bed method of sowing and
Broad bed furrow (BBF) method of sowing. Generally Soybean crop is affected due to excessive
rainfall or less rainfall during the germination and at important growth stages of crop. The
results indicated that per cent change in yield of f lat-bed method by seed drill over BBF seed drill w a s
18.95 per cent. The average yield of soybean was recorded 24.50 q/ha under BBF sowing. Due
to drainage of excessive rain water from the f ields, the broad bed furrow method gave best result.
Similarly, 30 to 40 per cent saving in irrigation water was recorded with bed furrow method of soybean
in comparison with f lood i r r i g a t i o n in controlled plots. Plant height, number of pods per plant, seed
yield weight per plant, seed index, seed yield, straw yield and harvest index (%) found higher in b r o a d
bed furrow method as compared to flat bed methods. The net return of Rs. 51424/- with B:C ratio of
2.90 was achieved under broad bed furrow method of sowing as compared to flat bed method of sowing.

The present study highlights the adoption levels of farmers of almond production technologies in Pulwama
district of Jammu and Kashmir state. A sample of 75 farmers from five different adopted villages was selected
for the study which includes 50 adopters and 25 non-adopters of recommended production technologies for
quality almond production. Considerably high extent of adoption (48%) of recommended almond production
technologies was observed among the KVK adopted farmers as compared to the non adopted farmers.

Sheep and goat production plays a vital role in small and marginal farmer’s livelihood. Parasitic infections
among sheep and goats are major constraint that farmers come across. A shepherd approached Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, Darsi with diarrhea, weakness, debility, jowl edema and death in the sheep flocks of his
village. Soiling of dock with feces and mud, jowl edema and emaciation were common findings on clinical
examination of the flocks. Geographical approach revealed that the flocks were left grazing in the common
grazing land available in the village adjacent to the local pond and also new sheep were introduced into the
flock without any quarantine measures. Fecal examination revealed presence of Fasciola sp. by sedimentation
technique. Treatment and management strategies were taken up to control the spread of Fasciolosis.

Rural poultry production besides improving the family nutrition also improves the overall agricultural
income of households. In the present study the performance of Himsamridhi variety of chicken under rural
poultry farming in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh was demonstrated. Day old chicks of Himsamridhi
variety were supplied to farmers and the performance of birds in terms of mortality up to 4-6wk of age,
age at first egg, adult body weight (20 wk of age), annual egg production and economic returns were
assessed. Results revealed that mean chick mortality up 4-6 wk was about 12% while the body weight
at 20wk in case of male and female birds was 1.61+0.12 and 1.2+0.1 Kg, respectively. The mean age at
first egg was observed as 184+2.5d and annual egg production per hen was 112+2.1. In case of economic
returns it was found that by rearing a unit of 25 birds a household can generate an income of about Rs
16200/-. Thus it may be concluded that Himsamridhi variety of chicken perform well under local agroc

Field experiments were carried out in the village Thondamandhurai to evaluate the efficacy of Propiconazole
0.1 per cent with mineral oil and second spray of carbendazim 0.05 per cent with mineral oil 1.0 per cent
against Sigatoka leaf spot in Banana with farmers practices of applying carbendazim alone in two sprays.
The findings revealed that mineral oil with fungicide was effective and significantly superior over farmer’s
practice in reducing the Sigatoka leaf spot. The results revealed that the significant minimum leaf spot
PDI (14.36) was observed in treated field during harvesting stage and pooled Percent Disease Index (PDI)
of all months was 15.01. The maximum yield (45.8 t/ha) and BCR (1:1.91) was obtained in treated field.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra , Darrang conducted thirty four demonstrations during 2015-16 to 2017-18 in
different villages of Darrang district of Assam to disseminate the production technology of high yielding
(243.6q/ha) Turmeric variety Megha Turmeric 1 having high curcumin content (6.8%). The critical
inputs were identified in existing production technology through meetings and discussions with farmers.
Lack of knowledge on high yielding varieties, uneven plant population, uncontrolled weeds, ignorance
about fertilizers and lack of plant protection measures were the predominant identified causes of low
productivity of turmeric crop in Darrang district. Farmers training were conducted to ensure rhizome
treatment, application of balanced fertilizer, irrigation and timely plant protection measures. These
activities ensured higher yield over local practices in the range of 11.1 to 12.9 per cent. An average net
profit of Rs 909025/- was recorded under recommended practice while it was Rs 649050/- under farmers’
practice. Benefit/cost ratio ranged from 5.59 to 7.3 under demonstration while it ranged between 4.76 to 6.1
under control plots. The results clearly indicate the positive effects of FLDs over existing local practices.